Preliminary

Purposes of Penal Law & Penal Code

Bergman, United States v., 416 F.Supp. 496 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)
People v. Mooney, 133 Misc. 2d 313 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1986)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995)
People v. Payne, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 926

Criminal vs. Civil Sanctions

United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267 (1996) (civil forfeiture)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997) (civil commitment)
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997) (administrative penalties)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)

Local Penal Law

People v. Delgardo, 1 Misc. 2d 821 (N.Y. Mag. Ct. 1955)
Crawley, State v., 90 N.J. 241 (1982)

Non-Penal Code Offenses

Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969)
Bidner, Com. v., 282 Pa. Super. 100 (1980)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)

Jurisdiction

Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Werblow, People v., 241 N.Y. 55 (1925)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (death penalty)
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) (life imprisonment without parole)
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993) (civil forfeiture)
United States v. Bajakajian, 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998) (civil forfeiture)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)

Double Jeopardy

Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
Cole, State v., 120 N.J. 321, 576 A.2d 84 (1990) (merger)

Fair Warning

1. Legislativity

United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)
Keller, Com. v., 35 Pa. D. & C.2d 615 (Ct. Common Pleas 1964)
People v. Kevorkian, 447 Mich. 436 (1994)

2. Lenity

United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Johnson v. State, 602 So.2d 1288 (Fla. 1992)
Jones v. United States, __ U.S. __ (No. 97-6203, Mar. 24, 1999) (constitutional doubt)

3. Specificity

Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
City of Chicago v. Morales, 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)

4. Prospectivity

Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Frech Funeral Home, State v., 185 N.J. Super. 385 (1982)
Fiore v. White, 149 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 1998) (judicial interpretation)

5. Publicity

The Cotton Planter, 6 F. Cas. 620 (Cir. Ct. D.N.Y. 1810)

Burden of Proof: Reasonable Doubt

In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 1219 (1998)

Actus Reus

Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)
Martin v. State, 31 Ala.App. 334, 17 So.2d 427 (1944)
Decina, People v., 2 N.Y.2d 133, 138 N.E.2d 799, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558 (1956)
Shaughnessy, People v., 66 Misc. 2d 19 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1971)
Newton, People v., 72 Misc. 2d 646 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1973)
Grant, People v., 46 Ill.App.3d 125,  360 N.E.2d 809,  4 Ill.Dec. 696 (1977)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)
State v. Tippetts, 180 Ore. App. 350 (2002)
Manna v. State, 803 So. 2d 866 (Fla. 2002)

Omission Offenses

Steinberg, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
Knowles, United States v., 26 Fed. Cas. 801 (N.D. Cal. 1864)
Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307 (D.C. Cir. 1962)

Status Offenses

Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) (drug addiction)
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (public intoxication)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992) (homelessness)

Possession Offenses

Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
People v. Rivera, 77 A.D.2d 538 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
Heizman, People v., 127 A.D.2d 609 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
People v. Verez, 83 N.Y.2d 921 (1994)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
People v. Young, __ N.Y.2d __ (No. 172, Nov. 23, 1999)
People v. Rosado, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 974 (Crim. Ct. N.Y.)
United States v. Tucker, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. Sept. 16, 2002)

Mens Rea

Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975) (reckless v. negligent)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
Coe, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 852 (1988) ("willfully")
Ryan, People v., 82 N.Y.2d 497 (1993)
Pierce, Commonwealth v., 138 Mass. 165 (1884)
Tolson, Queen v., 23 Q.B.D. 185 (1889) ("mens rea")
Cunningham, R. v., [1957] 2 QB 396 ) ("malicious")
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394 (1980)
Creighton, R. v., [1993] 3 S.C.R.
Palani Goundan v. Emperor, 1920 Madras 862 (India)
Thabo Meli v. Regina, 1 All Eng. Rep. 373 (1954) (South Africa)
Cretenoud c. Procureur Général, RO 86 IV 12 (1960) (Switzerland)

Absolute Liability

Commonwealth v. Mash, 48 Mass. (7 Metc.) 472 (1844)
Regina v. Prince, L.R. 2 Cr. Cas. Res. 154 (1875)
Guest, State v., 583 P.2d 836 (Alaska 1978)
Shevlin-Carpenter Company v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Dotterweich v. United States, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
United States v. Delahoussaye, 573 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1978)
L., In re, 121 Misc. 2d 271 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1983)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)
Michalek, State v., 207 N.J. Super. 340, 504 A.2d 155 (1985) (vehicle & traffic)
State v. Wingate, 668 So.2d 1324 (La. Ct. App. 1996)
Manson, People v., 173 Misc. 2d 806 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1997) (sex offender registration)

Felony Murder

State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Davis, People v., 128 Misc. 2d 782 (1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)

Causation

People v. Kibbe, 35 N.Y.2d 407 (1974) (non-codified; depraved indifference murder)
People v. Warner-Lambert, 51 N.Y.2d 295 (1980) (manufacturer's homicide liability)
In re Anthony M., 63 N.Y.2d 270 (1984) (felony murder)
People v. Griffin, 80 N.Y.2d 723 (1993) (medical malpractice as intervening cause of death)
People v. Hernandez, 82 N.Y.2d 309 (1993) (felony murder)
People v. Matos, 83 N.Y.2d 509 (1994) (felony murder)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Stamp, People v., 2 Cal.App.3d 203, 82 Cal.Rptr. 598 (1969) (felony murder; non-codified)
Root, Com. v., 403 Pa. 571,  170 A.2d 310 (1961) (non-codified)
Feinberg, Com. v., 433 Pa. 558,  253 A.2d 636 (1969) (non-codified)
Rementer, Com. v., 410 Pa. Super. 9, 598 A2d 1300 (1991) (codified)
Watson, State v., 191 N.J. Super. 464 (1983) (codified; brain death)
Stephenson v. State, 179 N.E. 633, 205 Ind. 141 (1932)
Frazier, State v., 339 Mo. 966,  98 S.W.2d 707 (1936)
Rhoades, Com. v., 379 Mass. 810,  401 N.E.2d 342 (1980)
Twitchell, Com. v., 416 Mass. 114,  617 N.E.2d 609 (1993)

Mistake

Studifin, People v., 132 Misc. 2d 326 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1986)
Marrero, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 382 (1987)
Bray, People v., 52 Cal.App.3d 494 (1975)
Baker, United States v., 807 F.2d 427 (5th Cir. 1986)
Long v. State, 44 Del. 262,  65 A.2d 489 (1949)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Mukhtar Nur, Sudan v., Major Court, 1959 Sudan L.J. 1
X. c. Ministére Public, RO 86 IV 212 (1961) (Switzerland)

Liability for Another's Conduct; Complicity

Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980) (innocent)
Hernandez, State v., 18 Cal. App. 3d 651 (1971) (innocent)
Tavares, Commonwealth v., 382 Pa. Super. 317 (1989) (innocent)
Tally, State v., 15 So. 722 (Ala. 1894) (complicity)
Ochoa, State v., 72 P.2d 609, 41 N.M. 589 (1937) (complicity)
United States v. Peoni, 100 F.2d 401 (2d Cir. 1938)
United States v. Falcone, 109 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1940)
Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635 (4th Cir. 1940)
Haines, Commonwealth v., 147 Pa. Super. 165 (1942)
Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10 (1980) (acquittal of principal)
People v. Brooks, 34 N.Y.2d 475 (1974) (definition of "accomplice")
People v. McGee, 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979) (complicity vs. conspiracy)
Abbott, People v., 84 A.D.2d 11 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981)
People v. Flayhart, 72 N.Y.2d 737 (1988) (complicity in reckless and negligence offenses)
People v. Kaplan, 76 N.Y.2d 140 (1990) (complicity in intent offenses; complicity vs. facilitation)
Maiorino v. Scully, 746 F. Supp. 331 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (causation; convictions for different degrees of offense)
Manini, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 561 (1992)
Gains v. State, 417 So.2d 719 (D. Ct. App. Fla. 1982)

Liability of Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act, in Behalf of a Corporation

United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575 (1959)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Penn Valley Resorts, Commonwealth v., 343 Pa. Super. 387 (1985) (homicide)
Stauffer v. Ministére Public, RO 78 IV 6 (1952) (Switzerland)

Intoxication

People v. Register, 60 N.Y.2d 270 (1983) (depraved indifference murder)
People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985) (diminished capacity)
Cameron, State v., 104 N.J. 42 (1986) (voluntary intoxication)
Sette, State v., 259 N.J. Super. 156 (1992) (involuntary vs. pathological intoxication)
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996)

Duress

Brown, People v., 68 A.D.2d 503 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979) (duress vs. necessity)
Calvano, People v., 30 N.Y.2d 199 (1972) (duress vs. entrapment)
St. Clair, State v., 262 S.W.2d 25 (Mo. 1953)
Toscano, State v., 74 N.J. 421,  378 A.2d 755 (1977)
Unger, People v., 66 Ill.2d 333,  362 N.E.2d 319,  5 Ill.Dec. 848 (1977)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)

Military Orders

Calley, United States v., 22 U.S.C.M.A. 534 (1973) (My Lai)

Consent

People v. Lenti, 46 Misc. 2d 682 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 1965)
State v. George, 937 S.W.2d 251 (Mo. App. 1996)

Entrapment

Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
People v. Isaacson, 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978) (outrageous government conduct)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
United States v. Mosley, 965 F.2d 906 (10th Cir. 1992) (outrageous government conduct)
United States v. Boyd, 55 F.3d 239 (7th Cir. 1995) (outrageous government conduct)
Rockholt, State v., 186 N.J. Super. 539 (1982)
Medina, State v., 201 N.J. Super (1985)
Fogarty, State v., 128 N.J. 59 (1992)
Abdelnoor, State v., 273 N.J. Super. 321 (1994)
State v. Vallejos, 945 P.2d 957 (N.M. 1997) (objective vs. subjective entrapment)

De Minimis

Moses, Commonwealth v., 350 Pa. Super. 231 (1986)

Choice of Evils

United States v. Holmes, 26 F.Cas. 360 (E.D. Pa. 1842)
The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884)
People v. Brown, 70 Misc. 2d 224 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1972) (prison riot)
People. v. Bess, 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (third-degree burglary)
People v. Gray, 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1991) (disorderly conduct)
Craig, People v., 78 N.Y.2d 616 (1991)
People v. Maher, 79 N.Y.2d 978 (1992) (negligent homicide)
United States v. Kroncke, 459 F.2d 697 (8th Cir. 1972)
Warshow, State v., 138 Vt. 22,  410 A.2d 1000 (1979)
Barnhart, Commonwealth v., 345 Pa. Super. 10 (1983)
Markum, Commonwealth v., 373 Pa. Super. 341 (1988) (abortion protesters)
Commonwealth v. Leno, 415 Mass. 835 (1993)
United States v. Gomez, 92 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 1996)

Use of Force in Defense of Self, Other, or Property

LaVoie, People v., 155 Colo. 551,  395 P.2d 1001 (1964)
Peterson, United States v., 483 F.2d 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1973)
Ceballos, People v., 12 Cal.3d 470 (1974)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987) (burden of proof)
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983) (battered woman syndrome)
People v. Torres, 128 Misc. 2d 129 (N.Y. S. Ct. 1985) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 97 N.J. 178 (1984) (battered woman syndrome)
Kelly, State v., 33 Wash. App. 541 (1982) (battered woman syndrome)
Weston v. State, 682 P.2d 1119 (Ak. 1984)
Bowens, State v., 108 N.J. 622, 532 A.2d 215 (1987)
Almodovar, People v., 62 N.Y.2d 126 (1984)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)
Hagi, People v., 169 A.D.2d 203 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)
Pena, People v., 169 Misc. 2d 75 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996)
People v. Petronio, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 960 (Co. Ct. N.Y. 2002)
People v. Hernandez, 2002 N.Y. LEXIS 1623
People v. Bradley, 2002 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 8254

Law Enforcement

Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)

Mistakes

State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)
People v. Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96 (1986)

Insanity

M'Naghten's Case, 1 C. &  K. 130; 4 St. Tr. N.S. 847 (1843)
Johnson v. State, 38 So. 182 (Ala. 1905)
People v. Schmidt, 216 N.Y. 324 (1915) (M'Naghten test)
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952) (burden of proof)
People v. Kohl, 72 N.Y.2d 191 (1988) (burden of proof)
Sinclair v. State, 161 Miss. 142, 132 So. 581 (1931)
State v. Strasburg, 60 Wash. 106, 110 P. 1020 (1910)
Smith v. United States, 36 F.2d 548 (D.C. Cir. 1929) (irresistible impulse test adopted)
Miller v. Overholser, 206 F.2d 415 (D.C. Cir. 1953) (commitment of "sexual psychopaths")
Durham v. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954) (Durham test established)
Washington v. United States, 390 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (Durham test doubted)
United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (en banc) (Durham test abandoned for Model Penal Code test)
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 (Model Penal Code test abandoned by Congress)
18 U.S.C. § 17 (Insanity defense)
18 U.S.C. ch. 313 (Offenders with mental disease or defect)
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994) (interpreting Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984)
Maik, State v., 60 N.J. 203,  287 A.2d 715 (1972)
Smith v. State, 614 P.2d 300 (Alaska 1980)

Diminished Capacity

People v. Westergard, 497 N.Y.S.2d 65 (App. Div. 1985)
State v. Breakiron, 108 N.J. 591, 532 A.2d 199 (1987)

Attempt

Murray, People v., 14 Cal. 159 (1859)
Peaslee, Commonwealth v., 177 Mass. 267 (1901)
Jaffe, People v., 185 N.Y. 497,  78 N.E. 169 (1906)
Rizzo, People v., 246 N.Y. 334 (1927)
McQuirter v. State, 36 Ala.App. 707,  63 So.2d 388 (1953)
Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1964) (impossibility)
Stewart v. State, 85 Nev. 388 (1969) (renunciation)
Staples, People v., 6 Cal.App.3d 61, 85 Cal.Rptr. 589 (1970) (preparation)
Lyerla, State v., 424 N.W.2d 908 (S.D. 1988)
Henley, Commonwealth v., 504 Pa. 408 (1984) (impossibility)
Donton, Commonwealth v., 439 Pa. Super. 406 (1995)
Clarke, State v., 198 N.J. Super. 219 (1985)
Dlugash, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 725,  363 N.E.2d 1155 (1977)
People v. Campbell, 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988) (impossibility)
Coleman, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 381 (1989) (impossibility)
People v. Esquilin, 552 N.Y.S.2d 953 (App. Div. 1990) (impossibility)
People v. Miller, 87 N.Y.2d 211 (1995) (impossibility)

Facilitation

Gordon, People v., 32 N.Y.2d 62 (1973)

Solicitation

Lubow, People v., 29 N.Y.2d 58 (1971)
Wilson, United States v., 565 F. Supp. 1416 (S.D.N.Y. 1983) (incidental exemption)
Benson v. Super. Ct., 57 Cal.2d 240 (1962)

Conspiracy

Kemp, State v., 126 Conn. 60 (1939)
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)
McGee, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 48 (1979)
Berkowitz, People v.,  50 N.Y.2d 333 (1980) (acquittal of co-conspirator)
Lauria, People v., 251 Cal.App.2d 471, 59 Cal.Rptr. 628 (1967)
Griffin v. State, 248 Ark. 1223,  455 S.W.2d 882 (1970)
Verive, State v., 128 Ariz. 570,  627 P.2d 721 (1981)

Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
Koon, United States v., 833 F. Supp. 769 (C.D. Cal. 1993)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996)

Death Penalty

Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)

Repeat Offenders

Romero, People v., 13 Cal. 4th 497 (1996) ("three strikes")

Offenses Against the State

Offenses Against the Person

Homicide

Murder

Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)
Malone, Commonwealth v., 354 Pa. 180 (1946)
Watson v. United States, 501 A.2d 791 (D.C. Ct. App. 1985)
People v. Sanchez, 2002 N.Y. LEXIS 2233

Felony Murder

Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)
State v. Levelle, 13 S.E. 319 (S.C. 1891) (attempted suicide as predicate felony)
Gladman, People v., 41 N.Y.2d 123 (1976)
Michalow, People v., 229 N.Y. 325 (1920)
Wroblewski, People v., 109 A.D.2d 39 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Ingram, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 897 (1986)
Washington, People v., 62 Cal.2d 777,  402 P.2d 130,  44 Cal.Rptr. 442 (1965)
Hickman, People v., 12 Ill.App.3d 412,  297 N.E.2d 582 (1973)

Manslaughter

Williams, State v., 4 Wash.App. 908, 484 P.2d 1167 (1971)
Strong, People v., 37 N.Y.2d 568 (1975)
Colon, People v., 77 A.D.2d 370 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980)
McManus, People v., 67 N.Y.2d 541 (1986)
Duffy, People v., 79 N.Y.2d 611 (1992)
Welansky, Com. v., 316 Mass. 383,  55 N.E.2d 902 (1944)

Provocation

Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
People v. Casassa, 49 N.Y.2d 668 (1980)
People v. White, 79 N.Y.2d 900 (1992)
People v. Fardan, 82 N.Y.2d 638 (1993)
Robinson, State v., 136 N.J. 476 (1994)
People v. Roche, 98 N.Y.2d 70 (2002)
Rowland v. State, 35 So. 826, 83 Miss. 483 (1904)
Gounagias, State v., 88 Wash. 304 (1915)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)
Walker, People v., 55 Ill.App.2d 292,  204 N.E.2d 594 (1965)
Berry, People v., 18 Cal.3d 509 (1976)
Camplin, DPP v., [1978] AC 705

Negligent Homicide

People v. Haney, 30 N.Y.2d 328 (1972) (traffic accident)
People v. Beiter, 77 A.D.2d 214 (N.Y. App. Div. 1980) (traffic accident)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (traffic accident)

Assisted Suicide

Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Vacco v. Quill,  ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)

Assault

Campbell, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 602 (1988)
Slaney, Commonwealth v. , 345 Mass. 135 (1962)

Kidnapping & Coercion

Eboli, People v., 34 N.Y.2d 281 (1974)

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984) (marriage exemptions)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989) (sex discrimination)
People v. Parbhu,  743 N.Y.S.2d 660 (2002) (forcible touching)
People v. Soto, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 838 (same)
Morgan, DPP v., [1976] AC 182
Cogan, R. v., [1976] QB 217
Dusenberry v. Com., 220 Va. 770,  263 S.E.2d 392 (1980)
Rusk, State v., 289 Md. 230,  424 A.2d 720 (Ct. App. 1981)

Arson
Burglary

Mackey, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 274 (1980)
Bess, People v., 107 A.D.2d 844 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gaines, People v., 74 N.Y.2d 358 (1989)
Graves, People v., 76 N.Y.2d 16 (1990)

Robbery

Reid, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 469 (1987)

Theft

Chesler, People v., 50 N.Y.2d 203 (1980)
Olivo, People v., 52 N.Y.2d 309 (1981)
Foster, People v., 73 N.Y.2d 596 (1989)
People v. Norman, 85 N.Y.2d 609 (1995)

Forgery & Fraud

Martin, People v., 62 Misc. 2d 884 (N.Y. County Ct. 1970) (bad check)
Levitan, People v., 49 N.Y.2d 87 (1980)
Lombardo, People v., 61 N.Y.2d 97 (1984) (usury)
Nelson, People v., 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)

Offenses Against Public Administration

Bribery

Singleton, United States v., 144 F.3d 1343 (10th Cir. 1998), vacated __ F.3d __ (Jan. 8, 1999) (en banc)

Perjury & Other Falsification

Simmons, People v., 79 Misc. 2d 249 (N.Y.City Crim. Ct. 1974)
Karp, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 965 N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1975) (impersonation)

Obstruction

Leone, People v., 44 N.Y.2d 315 (1978) (contempt)
Peacock, People v., 68 N.Y.2d 675 (1986) (resisting arrest)

Abuse of Office

Riot & Disorderly Conduct

Harassment & Hate Crimes

Dupont, People v., 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)
Gray, People v., 150 Misc. 2d 852 (N.Y. City Crim. Ct. 1991)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
State v. Wyant, 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)
In re B.C. et al., Minors, 176 Ill. 2d 536 (1997)

Loitering

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)

Nuisance

Wright Hepburn Wester Gallery, State v., 64 Misc. 2d 423 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1970)

Public Indecency

Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975) ("aggreggate weight")
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)

People v. Capaldo, 151 Misc. 2d 114 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1991)
People v. Wakefield Financial Corp., 155 Misc. 2d 775 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992)
People v. Cantarella, 160 Misc. 2d 8 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)

Reckless Driving

Beatty v. Kelly, 9 A.D.2d 1001 (N.Y. App. Div. 1959)
People v. Frisbie, 114 A.D.2d 587 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)

Driving While Intoxicated

O'Connor, People v., 159 Misc. 2d 1072 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
Kahn, People v., 160 Misc. 2d 594 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 1994)
People v. Frank, 166 Misc. 2d 277 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)
People v. Condarco, 166 Misc. 2d 470 (N.Y. Crim. Ct. 1995) (suspension of driver's license)

Others

Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) ("pretextual stops" for traffic offenses)

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